衡器产品安全设计基本要求
该基本要求主要在使用安全方面对产品设计提出基本技术要求、验证方法以及典型解决方案等。环境安全和功能安全属于广义产品安全范围,与使用环境、可靠性设计等有密切关系,在很多标准和要求中有更详细的描述,在本基本要求中不作为主要内容描述,而将如下五个方面作为主要内容进行归纳和总结。
1. 电气产品(IT 类产品、测量仪器和实验室仪器、低压电器)的基本安全要求
2. 产品安全机械设计通用要求
3. 具有悬挂承载结构、机械运动部件产品的基本安全要求
4. 特殊环境(爆炸性气体环境)下电气产品的基本安全要求
5. 环境电磁干扰限定要求以及在有干扰时的产品功能安全要求
产品设计应依据相关标准的要求,在满足使用要求和功能要求的同时应满足产品的基本安全要求,这些安全特性应该通过检查和试验加以验证。文档中的举例是为阐明安全原理或要求而给出,只要能满足产品安全要求,可以采用具有等同效果的其它方法。
文档的描述与标准不一致时,以标准的描述为准。该基本要求是公司衡器产品设计时应关注的内容,但不是要求的全部,更多的要求参见相关的专业标准。
不同行业使用的设备根据行业特点会有一些特殊要求,其中也涉及到安全要求,如食品加工设备、交通运输设备等,因此产品设计时除满足通用的安全要求外,还应根据行业标准,符合其相关特殊要求。
目录
1 概述...........................................................................................................................................................4
1.1 使用安全 ......................................................................................................................................4
1.2 环境安全 ......................................................................................................................................4
1.3 功能安全 ......................................................................................................................................4
2 基本原则...................................................................................................................................................4
3 电气安全...................................................................................................................................................4
3.1 常用名词术语 ..............................................................................................................................4
3.2 机械结构 ......................................................................................................................................6
3.3 产品分类 ......................................................................................................................................9
3.4 绝缘分类简介 ............................................................................................................................9
3.5 电路分类 ....................................................................................................................................10
3.6 材料/环境/过电压等级分类简介 .............................................................................................. 11
3.7 额定条件 ....................................................................................................................................12
3.8 电气要求 ....................................................................................................................................12
3.9 耐压要求 ....................................................................................................................................16
3.10 接地 ............................................................................................................................................17
3.11 产品温升要求 ............................................................................................................................17
3.12 漏电流 ........................................................................................................................................18
3.13 电池 ............................................................................................................................................19
3.14 电缆固定和张力 ........................................................................................................................20
3.15 标记要求 ....................................................................................................................................20
4 产品安全机械设计通用要求.................................................................................................................20
4.1 安全防护装置 ............................................................................................................................20
4.2 急停装置 ....................................................................................................................................21
4.3 颜色表征 ....................................................................................................................................23
4.4 一般安全要求 ............................................................................................................................24
4.5 主要结构要求 ............................................................................................................................25
4.6 控制机构的要求 ........................................................................................................................27
4.7 操作和维护 ................................................................................................................................29
4.8 噪声 ............................................................................................................................................29
5 拉力承力构件设计基本要求和原则.....................................................................................................30
5.1 常用名词术语 ............................................................................................................................30
5.2 材料 ............................................................................................................................................30
5.3 锻造及热处理 ............................................................................................................................31
5.4 机械加工 ....................................................................................................................................31
5.5 表面和内部质量 ........................................................................................................................32
5.6 紧固件 ........................................................................................................................................32
5.7 机械性能 ....................................................................................................................................32
5.8 验证 ............................................................................................................................................33
6 爆炸性气体环境用电气设备的设计基本要求和原则 .........................................................................33
6.1 防爆设备的基本概念.................................................................................................................33
6.2 防爆电气设备材料.....................................................................................................................37 - 3 -
6.3 紧固件 ........................................................................................................................................38
6.4 绝缘套管 ....................................................................................................................................38
6.5 粘结材料 ....................................................................................................................................38
6.6 Ex 元件安装要求......................................................................................................................38
6.7 连接件和接线空腔.....................................................................................................................39
6.8 接地连接件 ................................................................................................................................39
6.9 电缆和导管引入装置.................................................................................................................39
6.10 开关 ...........................................................................................................................................41
6.11 插接装置 ....................................................................................................................................41
6.12 视窗 ............................................................................................................................................42
6.13 熔断器 ........................................................................................................................................42
6.14 导线 ............................................................................................................................................43
6.15 间距 ............................................................................................................................................44
6.16 浇封工艺要求 ............................................................................................................................46
6.17 涂层工艺要求 ............................................................................................................................47
6.18 极性接反保护 ............................................................................................................................48
6.19 与本质安全相关的元件.............................................................................................................48
6.20 电池和电池组 ............................................................................................................................48
6.21 变压器 ........................................................................................................................................48
6.22 半导体器件 ................................................................................................................................51
6.23 分流安全组件 ............................................................................................................................51
6.24 安全栅 ........................................................................................................................................52
6.25 限流电阻 ....................................................................................................................................52
6.26 隔离电容器 ................................................................................................................................52
6.27 断路器 ........................................................................................................................................52
6.28 电隔离元件 ................................................................................................................................52
6.29 本安电路的评定 ........................................................................................................................52
6.30 电感及电容参数 ........................................................................................................................54
7 电磁环境与产品安全.............................................................................................................................56
7.1 一般描述 ....................................................................................................................................56
7.2 抗扰度项目的基本项目与指标要求.........................................................................................56
附录:参考文献——常用产品安全标准 .............................................................................................59
1. 电气产品(IT 类产品、测量仪器和实验室仪器、低压电器)的基本安全要求
2. 产品安全机械设计通用要求
3. 具有悬挂承载结构、机械运动部件产品的基本安全要求
4. 特殊环境(爆炸性气体环境)下电气产品的基本安全要求
5. 环境电磁干扰限定要求以及在有干扰时的产品功能安全要求
产品设计应依据相关标准的要求,在满足使用要求和功能要求的同时应满足产品的基本安全要求,这些安全特性应该通过检查和试验加以验证。文档中的举例是为阐明安全原理或要求而给出,只要能满足产品安全要求,可以采用具有等同效果的其它方法。
文档的描述与标准不一致时,以标准的描述为准。该基本要求是公司衡器产品设计时应关注的内容,但不是要求的全部,更多的要求参见相关的专业标准。
不同行业使用的设备根据行业特点会有一些特殊要求,其中也涉及到安全要求,如食品加工设备、交通运输设备等,因此产品设计时除满足通用的安全要求外,还应根据行业标准,符合其相关特殊要求。
目录
1 概述...........................................................................................................................................................4
1.1 使用安全 ......................................................................................................................................4
1.2 环境安全 ......................................................................................................................................4
1.3 功能安全 ......................................................................................................................................4
2 基本原则...................................................................................................................................................4
3 电气安全...................................................................................................................................................4
3.1 常用名词术语 ..............................................................................................................................4
3.2 机械结构 ......................................................................................................................................6
3.3 产品分类 ......................................................................................................................................9
3.4 绝缘分类简介 ............................................................................................................................9
3.5 电路分类 ....................................................................................................................................10
3.6 材料/环境/过电压等级分类简介 .............................................................................................. 11
3.7 额定条件 ....................................................................................................................................12
3.8 电气要求 ....................................................................................................................................12
3.9 耐压要求 ....................................................................................................................................16
3.10 接地 ............................................................................................................................................17
3.11 产品温升要求 ............................................................................................................................17
3.12 漏电流 ........................................................................................................................................18
3.13 电池 ............................................................................................................................................19
3.14 电缆固定和张力 ........................................................................................................................20
3.15 标记要求 ....................................................................................................................................20
4 产品安全机械设计通用要求.................................................................................................................20
4.1 安全防护装置 ............................................................................................................................20
4.2 急停装置 ....................................................................................................................................21
4.3 颜色表征 ....................................................................................................................................23
4.4 一般安全要求 ............................................................................................................................24
4.5 主要结构要求 ............................................................................................................................25
4.6 控制机构的要求 ........................................................................................................................27
4.7 操作和维护 ................................................................................................................................29
4.8 噪声 ............................................................................................................................................29
5 拉力承力构件设计基本要求和原则.....................................................................................................30
5.1 常用名词术语 ............................................................................................................................30
5.2 材料 ............................................................................................................................................30
5.3 锻造及热处理 ............................................................................................................................31
5.4 机械加工 ....................................................................................................................................31
5.5 表面和内部质量 ........................................................................................................................32
5.6 紧固件 ........................................................................................................................................32
5.7 机械性能 ....................................................................................................................................32
5.8 验证 ............................................................................................................................................33
6 爆炸性气体环境用电气设备的设计基本要求和原则 .........................................................................33
6.1 防爆设备的基本概念.................................................................................................................33
6.2 防爆电气设备材料.....................................................................................................................37 - 3 -
6.3 紧固件 ........................................................................................................................................38
6.4 绝缘套管 ....................................................................................................................................38
6.5 粘结材料 ....................................................................................................................................38
6.6 Ex 元件安装要求......................................................................................................................38
6.7 连接件和接线空腔.....................................................................................................................39
6.8 接地连接件 ................................................................................................................................39
6.9 电缆和导管引入装置.................................................................................................................39
6.10 开关 ...........................................................................................................................................41
6.11 插接装置 ....................................................................................................................................41
6.12 视窗 ............................................................................................................................................42
6.13 熔断器 ........................................................................................................................................42
6.14 导线 ............................................................................................................................................43
6.15 间距 ............................................................................................................................................44
6.16 浇封工艺要求 ............................................................................................................................46
6.17 涂层工艺要求 ............................................................................................................................47
6.18 极性接反保护 ............................................................................................................................48
6.19 与本质安全相关的元件.............................................................................................................48
6.20 电池和电池组 ............................................................................................................................48
6.21 变压器 ........................................................................................................................................48
6.22 半导体器件 ................................................................................................................................51
6.23 分流安全组件 ............................................................................................................................51
6.24 安全栅 ........................................................................................................................................52
6.25 限流电阻 ....................................................................................................................................52
6.26 隔离电容器 ................................................................................................................................52
6.27 断路器 ........................................................................................................................................52
6.28 电隔离元件 ................................................................................................................................52
6.29 本安电路的评定 ........................................................................................................................52
6.30 电感及电容参数 ........................................................................................................................54
7 电磁环境与产品安全.............................................................................................................................56
7.1 一般描述 ....................................................................................................................................56
7.2 抗扰度项目的基本项目与指标要求.........................................................................................56
附录:参考文献——常用产品安全标准 .............................................................................................59